5 Siddhantas
These new revelations may directly conflict with the findings of ancient scholars, as well as with established beliefs and rituals. More research and studies are needed to uncover the truth.
The cosmos has a lot of hidden facts and we are not aware of it. Humans have been learning from the heavens and updating their lives since ancient times. In doing so we have forgotten the efforts of the previous generation who had opened the cosmos to us. Some facts we knew, but had no proof of, As we unfold and update, the facts confirm their findings. My effort is to bring out these fundamentals as given out in ancient Hindu texts
These new revelations may directly conflict with the findings of ancient scholars, as well as with established beliefs and rituals. More research and studies are needed to uncover the truth.
The Tropical Year Calendar
The tropical year is the time, taken by the Sun, to pass from the vernal equinox to the vernal equinox. It equals 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 46 seconds, or 365.2422 days. The tropical year is used, to keep track of seasons, planting, and harvesting. There is a need to create a calendar, with a whole number of days per year to accurately follow the tropical year without losing synchronization with the seasons over a period of time.
We begin with a calendar of 365 days per year. Our calendar year is shorter than the tropical year by 0.2422 days. So to correct (approximately), we add 1 day every four years (leap year). Thus, three calendar years are 365 days long; the fourth calendar year is 366 days long. The average length of the calendar year in days now becomes (3 x 365 + 366)/4 = 365.25 days.
This calendar system was actually instituted for use in the Roman Empire by Julius Caesar around 46 BC. But since the Julian calendar was 0.0078 days (11 minutes and 14 seconds) longer than the tropical year, errors in timekeeping gradually accumulated. Between 46 BC and 1582 AD, this accumulated error amounted to a total of: 0.0078 x (1582 + 46) = 12.7 days. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII reformed the calendar by specifying that all years divisible by 4 are to be leap years except for century years, which must be divisible by 400 to be leap years. Now, in 1200 years:
Since 12 - 3 = 9, Gregory's rule eliminates 9 leap years out of 1,200. Thus: 300 - 9 = 291 years are actual leap years, and 900 + 9 = 909 years are regular years. The average length of the year becomes (291 x 366 + 909 x 365)/1,200 = 365.2425 days, with an error of 365.2425 - 365.2422 = 0.0003 days per year, or one day every 3,333.3 years.
The Gregorian calendar came into use in Roman Catholic countries in October 1582 when the seasons were brought back into step by eliminating 10 days from the calendar then in use. Thursday, October 4, was followed by Friday, October 15 (which caused some apprehension and anxiety amongst the people, especially those with birthdays on the eliminated dates!).
Britain and its colonies did not introduce the Gregorian calendar until September 1752 by which time an additional one-day correction was required (actually, {1752 - 1582} x 0.0078 = 1.33 day). Some British documents from the period before the British reform actually contain two dates, an old and a new.
The Hijri calendars are purely Lunar and hence the year is also lunar and not tropical, measuring 354 days and 355 days during the leap year. An extra day is added to the last month 11 times in a block of 30 years. Usually 2nd,5th, 7th, 10th, 13th,15th,18th,21st, 24th, 29th year in the cycle of 30 years. In the course of 33 years, the beginning of the Hijri year runs through the whole course of seasons. The months and seasons are not in sync.
This practice of adjustment varies in different countries and sometimes at different periods in the same country.
This Hijri calendar is not tropical.
Akbar tried to adjust the Hijri calendar with the seasons and termed it "The Fasli year" (To synchronise the month with harvest/फसल time)used only for commercial purposes.
This facilitated in collection of harvest tax. (Harvest time and Hijri month varied every year ). The commencement of this year was in July. It was more or less a mix of the " Vilayati Year (used in some parts of Bengal), Amli Era of Odisha and Bengali San" with Hijri month names.
In most parts of India, it was a Solar year, however different customs of different parts of India caused a divergence of reckoning. It was later discontinued.
The original Hijri calendar was followed for all other aspects.
In contrast just see our Hindu calendars, where the months are Lunar and the year is Solar. In fact, the Hindu calendar is lunisolar. The 5-yearयुग and intercalation system of adjustment is followed to keep in step with seasons and the actual position along the ecliptic.
One month, known as अधिक मास is added every 30 months, therefore in a युग of 5 years 59 days get added, thus the synchronisation with the seasons is nearly real-time. (My blogs on the Vedic period give out details)
This was available in the Vedic period, earlier than 1500 BCE, even before the Europeans could think of it!
कल्पः(Manual of Rituals)
कल्पः has various सूत्र (सूत्र is a large collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual, it is a distinct type of literary composition, based on short aphoristic statements, generally using various technical terms.सूत्र forms a school of Vedic study).
Types of कल्पःसूत्र are
1. श्रौतासूत्र has यज्ञ Rituals
2. गृह्यासूत्र- has Domestic Ceremonies
3. धर्म सूत्र-has -Religious and Social Laws
4. शुल्बसूत्र-has Geometry and Mensuration
सूत्र with some important astronomical mentions are
अश्वलायन श्रौतासूत्र
Names of months based on nakshatra and seasons are found in this text. The reference to seasons indicates that spring was considered the year's first season.
Tithi is not mentioned specifically ,however use of words चतुर्दशी, अष्टमी indicate Tithis. Like in this verse
मार्गशीर्ष्यं प्रत्यवरोहणं चतुर्दस्यम् - गृह्यासूत्र 2-3-1, mentions Month and Tithi
ध्रुवमरुन्धतिं सप्तर्षिनिति दृष्ट्वा वचम्विसर्जेता | गृह्यासूत्र 1-7-22
This gives out the names of the Pole star (Dhruva), The Great Bear (Saptrishi) and Arundhati (Alcor)
Definite instructions are given for doing certain rites on auspicious Nakshatras,for example,fields should be ploughed on उत्तरा भद्रपद, फल्गुनि, रोहिणी नक्षत्र.
Without any weather forecast, but with a sound knowledge of the onset of seasons, it is a communication to the general public to commence sowing and other agriculture activities.
नक्षत्र names are mentioned to carry out यज्ञ Rituals, thread ceremonies, etc. However, the auspicity/ gender of the नक्षत्र is not mentioned.
Taittiriya Sruti gives out the list of नक्षत्र with their controlling Deities' gender and number, which is still followed as of date for all rituals.
परास्कारःगृह्यासूत्र
This सूत्र is of a later date than अश्वलायन सूत्र and appears to be an updated/revised सूत्र. This सूत्र gives out the list of नक्षत्र auspicious for marriage. These are उत्तरा हस्ता चित्रा उत्तराषाढ श्रावण धनिष्ठा उत्तराभद्रपद रेवती अश्विनी.
However, these do not match with the current prevalent list of marriageable नक्षत्र. The नक्षत्र for marriage and that for agriculture are not the same. The reason seems to be obvious.
This सूत्र describes the results of a childbirth on मूल/मूळ नक्षत्र and inauspicious nature of अश्लेषः नक्षत्र. Is the inauspicious nature of the नक्षत्र is declared because of the timing of the childbirth conflicting with other works? A more rationale thought is required on this.
Interestingly there is a difference of views among the various सूत्र on the effects of नक्षत्र for different purposes.
The names of 12 Rashis, days of the week,वार yog and Karana are not found in this sutra
Other सूत्र
The other सूत्र contains almost all the aspects mentioned above. All the सूत्र define the spring season as composed as चैत्र ,वैशाख OR मधु ,माधव months.
बौधायन शुल्बसूत्र
This सूत्र appears to be of a later epoch and has the mention of 12 Rashi as seen from the verse
मासद्रये यवाप्येकराशिं संक्रमेतादित्यस्तत्राद्यो मलिम्लुच शुदधोन्यः | मैत्रेय सूत्र
"When the Sun is found to cross only one Rashi in two months the former is called मलिम्लुच ( intercalary month) and the latter a proper month"
This सूत्र also gives out the working of the dimensions of the यज्ञ कुण्ड and यज्ञभूमिकाः, depending upon the type of ritual being performed,with respect to Nakshatra
दीर्घचतुरस्रस्याक्ष्णया रज्जुः पार्श्वमानी तिर्यग् मानी च यत् पृथग् भूते कुरूतस्तदुभयं करोति ॥
"The diagonal of a oblong(rectangle) produces the combined area of the two separate sides."
This verse also mentions the method to find the square root of 2.
समस्य द्विकरणी । प्रमाणम्तृतीयेन वर्धयेत्
तच चतुर्थेनात्मचतुस्त्रिंशोनेन सविशेषः - बौधायन शुल्बसूत्र 2:12
"The diagonal of a square. The measure will be increased by a third and by a fourth decreased by the 34th. That is it's diagonal approximately"
This सूत्र gives out many such formulas for the construction of temples / ritual places. (Squaring a circle and Circling a square) Some of them are concerned with the position of the nakshatras.
Dr Subhask Kak explains in detail, the astronomical code used for designing the यज्ञ कुण्ड and यज्ञभूमिकाः, in his book mentioned below.
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Continuing with the Vedang period of the history of astronomy, Atharva Vedang Jyotish (AVJ) relatively, is of a later period than RVJ and YVJ. It is a text, as told to Kashyap by Pitamah. The time units followed then were as
12 निमिष= 1 लव
30लव = 1 कला
30 कला = 1 त्रुति
30 त्रुति= 1 मुहूर्त
30 मुहूर्त= 1 अहोरात्र / whole day
The document also gives the list of 15 मुहूर्त, whose measure is compared with the length of a gnomon/stick, which is 12 anguls long. These names must be of the मुहूर्त by day, as my blog Vedang Period 1 refers (since the shadow is measured). The list shows a maximum shadow of 96 anguls cast by"Rudra" मुहूर्त and 0 anguls by 'Abhijit' मुहूर्त. It is not exactly 0, but the shadow does not alter in length or direction, hence 0.
Shadow is not 0 at noon, but it must be shorter than 3 anguls. The lengths of shadows are not the same throughout the year.
With this method, one can find the approximate, location where VJ was compiled A different method to find the location of the composition of VJ is calculated by SB Dixit.
Karanas and Auspicious Times
This section gives out the instructions and duties to be observed for a particular मुहूर्त. Like friendly acts to be done on a 'मित्र मुहूर्त' and horror acts on 'रुद्र मुहूर्त'. The chapter also mentions, which acts to be done on a particular Tithi to get auspicious/ unauspicious results. The list of Thiti's includes 'Nanda and 'Bhadra' as in this verse
चतुभिं : कारयेत्कमं सिदधिह तोधिं चक्षणः !
तिथिनक्षत्रकरणमृहतंतरीति नित्यशः
This verse gives out only 4 अङ्गः (parts), they areतिथि ,नक्षत्र ,करण ,मुहूर्त not 5, which we are familiar with a पञ्चाङ्ग . (वार्/day is not mentioned)
Following verses 90 and 91 give out the auspicious/inauspicious nature of the planets depending upon the strength of the Moon, ie, with the number of kalas or the phases of the Moon.
तिथिरेकगुणा प्रोक्ता नक्षत्रं च चतुर्मुणं ।॥ वारचाष्टगुणः प्रोक्तः करणं षोडश्लान्वितं ।। € ० ॥ दात्रिंशद्ुणो योगस्तारा षष्ठिसमभ्विता ॥ चंद्रः श्तगणः प्रोक्तस्तस्माच्चंद्रबला बलं ।। ९१
समीक्ष्य चंद्रस्य बलाबलानि ग्रहाः प्रयच्छंति श॒भाश्भानि
Vedang Jyotish
As we know there are six parts/अङ्गः of the Vedas. These are
We all are familiar with the basic arithmetic calculation of 4th unknown term when we have three known terms. (for both direct and inverse proportions). Never wondered that its origin is in the Vedas!
RVJ 24 and YVJ 42, give out the instruction concisely looking like an aphorism.
इति उपयासमुद्देसः भूयो प्य अह्नः प्राकल्पयेत्
ज्ञेयराशी घटाभ्यस्तं विभजित ज्ञानराशिना
" The known result is to be multiplied by the quantity for which the result is wanted and divided by the quantity for which the known result is given"
..........to be continued with the composition period of RVJ, YVJ, Atharva VJ and parameters for calendar
Nakshatra नक्षत्र
Proper motion is the astrometric measure of the observed changes in the apparent places of stars or other celestial objects in the sky, as seen from the centre of mass of the Solar System, compared to the abstract background of the more distant stars.
Origin of the names of अनुराधा (beta Scorpionis) and ज्येष्ठा(Antares, alpha Scorpionis) have been described in Taittriys Brahaman 1.5.2.
Sayana, in his commentary on this verse, says ' It was a statement by the Gods with reference with the battle with the Demons... "We killed the eldest of them on ज्येष्ठा nakshatra." (Antares is the biggest star in the group, hence the name ज्येष्ठा)
The grammatical number in which the nakshatra names are used helps indicate the number of stars in each group. Mrigashirsha मृगशीर्षः(stars around Orion)and हस्त (group of stars appears as a palm of a hand, hence the name ) are a group of stars, but they are used in singular numbers.
The singular number nakshatras are
रोहिणी(Aldebaran),आर्द्रा (Betelgeuse), पुष्य (γ, δ and θ Cancri), चित्रा(Spica),स्वाति(Arcturus),ज्येष्ठा(Antares) ,मूल( ε, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, λ, μ and ν Scorpionis),श्रावण(α,β and γ Aquilae), शततरका(γAquarii), रेवती(Zeta Picium). Indicating that each of them is a single star.
Nakshatras with dual stars are
5 Siddhantas Astronomical knowledge was very well developed during the Vedic and Vedang periods and was further developed and updated in sub...